Titanium vs Zirconia Implant Maintenance: Your Ultimate Guide for 2026

Choosing to replace missing teeth with dental implants is a significant decision, offering a durable and aesthetically pleasing solution for restoring your smile and oral function. As an expert SEO content strategist and senior editor, I understand that once you’ve made the investment, ensuring the longevity and health of your implants becomes paramount. A crucial aspect of this longevity lies in understanding the specific maintenance requirements for the two primary materials used in dental implants today: titanium and zirconia. The debate of titanium vs zirconia implant maintenance is vital for anyone considering or already living with these life-changing prosthetics, especially as we look to optimal care in 2026. This comprehensive guide will delve deep into the nuances of caring for both types of implants, equipping you with the knowledge to maintain your oral health for years to come.

Key Takeaways

• Material Differences Drive Maintenance: Titanium and zirconia implants, while both excellent, have distinct material properties that influence their optimal cleaning methods and long-term care strategies.
• Preventing Peri-Implantitis is Crucial: For both implant types, diligent home care and regular professional cleanings are essential to prevent peri-implantitis, an inflammatory condition similar to gum disease that can compromise implant success.
• Tool Selection Matters: Specific tools and techniques are recommended for cleaning around implants, with a greater emphasis on non-abrasive instruments for zirconia due to its ceramic nature.
• Regular Professional Care is Non-Negotiable: Annual or biannual check-ups and cleanings with a dental professional specializing in implants are critical for early detection and prevention of issues, regardless of implant material.
• Lifestyle Choices Impact Longevity: Factors like diet, smoking, and grinding habits significantly affect the lifespan and health of both titanium and zirconia implants, requiring proactive management.

Understanding Your Implant: Titanium vs Zirconia Basics

Before we dive into the specifics of titanium vs zirconia implant maintenance, it’s essential to grasp the fundamental differences between these two materials. Both titanium and zirconia have proven track records in dental implantology, but they offer distinct characteristics that can influence patient choice and subsequent care [1].

Titanium Dental Implants: The Gold Standard

For decades, titanium has been the undisputed champion of dental implant materials. Its success stems from a unique property called osseointegration, where the bone naturally fuses with the titanium surface, creating a strong, stable anchor for the dental crown, bridge, or denture.

• Biocompatibility: Titanium is highly biocompatible, meaning it is well-tolerated by the human body with very few allergic reactions.
• Strength and Durability: It boasts exceptional strength and resistance to fracture, making it suitable for high-stress areas in the mouth.
• Long-Term Track Record: We have extensive long-term data on titanium implants, showing high success rates over many years, even decades.
• Flexibility in Design: Titanium implants come in a vast array of shapes, sizes, and surface treatments, allowing dentists to select the optimal design for each patient’s unique anatomical needs.

However, titanium’s metallic grey color can sometimes be a concern for patients with very thin gums, where a slight greyish hue might show through the gum tissue. This aesthetic consideration is one of the driving forces behind the rise of zirconia implants.

Zirconia Dental Implants: The Esthetic Alternative

Zirconia, a ceramic material, has emerged as a popular alternative to titanium, particularly for patients seeking a metal-free option or those with specific aesthetic concerns. Also known as ceramic implants, zirconia implants offer several compelling advantages.

• Esthetics: Zirconia is tooth-colored (white), eliminating any concern about a grey shadow showing through the gums. This is a significant advantage for implants placed in highly visible areas.
• Biocompatibility: Like titanium, zirconia is highly biocompatible and hypoallergenic, making it an excellent choice for individuals with metal sensitivities or those preferring a holistic approach.
• Single-Piece Design: Many zirconia implants are designed as a single unit (implant and abutment combined), which can sometimes reduce the risk of bacterial accumulation at the implant-abutment connection, though two-piece designs are also available.
• Smooth Surface: Zirconia’s smooth, dense surface is thought by some to be less prone to plaque accumulation compared to some titanium surfaces, though this is a subject of ongoing research and depends heavily on surface treatments [2].

On the flip side, zirconia implants generally have a shorter clinical track record compared to titanium, and while incredibly strong, they can be more brittle than titanium, making them potentially more susceptible to fracture under certain circumstances. Understanding these foundational differences is your first step in appreciating the nuances of titanium vs zirconia implant maintenance. If you’re exploring implant options, learning more about the complete guide to dental implant crowns can be highly beneficial.

General Principles of Dental Implant Maintenance (Applicable to Both)

Regardless of whether you have titanium or zirconia implants, certain universal principles of dental implant maintenance apply. These are the cornerstones of ensuring the longevity and health of your investment. Think of them as the foundational rules in the titanium vs zirconia implant maintenance playbook.

1. Excellent Oral Hygiene at Home 🏡

This cannot be stressed enough. Dental implants, unlike natural teeth, cannot get cavities, but they are susceptible to peri-implant diseases, which are inflammatory conditions affecting the tissues around the implant. These diseases, peri-implant mucositis (reversible inflammation) and peri-implantitis (bone loss around the implant), are primarily caused by bacterial plaque accumulation, just like gum disease around natural teeth.

• Brushing: Brush your implants at least twice a day with a soft-bristled toothbrush. Consider using an electric toothbrush with a sensitive setting, as it can be more effective at removing plaque. Angle the brush at 45 degrees towards the gum line, gently cleaning all surfaces of the implant crown.
• Flossing: Traditional string floss can be tricky around implants. Specialized implant floss, interdental brushes, or a water flosser are often recommended.
  • Implant Floss: Some brands offer thicker, spongy floss designed to clean around implant posts without damaging the gum tissue.
  • Interdental Brushes: These tiny brushes come in various sizes and are excellent for cleaning between implants and natural teeth, and around the implant abutment. Your dentist or hygienist can recommend the correct sizes.
  • Water Flosser: A water flosser (oral irrigator) is a highly effective tool for dislodging plaque and food debris from around implants, especially in hard-to-reach areas. It can also help stimulate gum tissue. Using a low-pressure setting is often recommended, especially initially. For more specific product recommendations, check out our guide on the best water flosser for dental implants.
• Mouthwash: A non-alcoholic, antibacterial mouthwash can be a helpful adjunct to your routine, but it should not replace brushing and flossing. Consult your dentist on the best mouthwash for your specific needs. You might also find our article on the best mouthwash for dental implants helpful.

“Just like natural teeth, implants thrive in a clean environment. Consistency in home care is the single most important factor for long-term implant success.”

2. Regular Professional Cleanings and Check-ups 🦷

Your home care routine is paramount, but it needs to be complemented by regular visits to your dental professional. These appointments are crucial for several reasons:

• Thorough Cleaning: Dental hygienists are trained to clean around implants using specialized instruments that won’t scratch or damage the implant surface. They can remove plaque and tartar buildup that even the most diligent home care might miss.
• Early Detection: Your dentist can spot early signs of peri-implant mucositis or peri-implantitis before they become serious. They will check the health of your gums, probe around the implants, and take X-rays periodically to monitor bone levels.
• Assessment of Bite and Occlusion: An unbalanced bite can put excessive stress on implants, potentially leading to complications. Your dentist will assess your bite and make adjustments if necessary.
• Review of Home Care Techniques: Your hygienist can offer personalized advice and demonstrate proper cleaning techniques to ensure you’re effectively maintaining your implants at home.

The frequency of these professional visits typically ranges from every six months to annually, but your dentist will determine the ideal schedule based on your individual needs and risk factors.

3. Healthy Lifestyle Choices 🌱

Beyond direct oral care, your overall lifestyle significantly impacts the health and longevity of your dental implants.

• Diet: While implants allow you to eat a wide variety of foods, avoid excessively hard or sticky foods that could potentially damage the crown or place undue stress on the implant. A balanced diet supports overall health, including oral health. If you’re navigating post-surgery dietary needs, our article on 50 soft foods after dental implant can provide excellent guidance.
• Smoking: Smoking is a major risk factor for implant failure and peri-implant disease. It impairs healing, reduces blood flow, and weakens the immune response. If you smoke, quitting is one of the best things you can do for your implant health.
• Bruxism (Teeth Grinding/Clenching): Chronic grinding or clenching can place excessive force on implants, leading to wear on the crown, loosening of components, or even implant failure. If you suffer from bruxism, your dentist may recommend a nightguard to protect your implants and natural teeth.
• Alcohol Consumption: Excessive alcohol consumption can also impair healing and immune response, similar to smoking. It’s advisable to limit alcohol, especially during the initial healing phases of implant placement. For more details on this, see our article on alcohol after dental implant surgery.

These general principles form the backbone of good implant care. Now, let’s explore how titanium vs zirconia implant maintenance diverges in practice.

Specific Maintenance Considerations: Titanium vs Zirconia Implant Maintenance

While the general principles remain the same, the material properties of titanium and zirconia necessitate slightly different approaches when it comes to specific cleaning tools and techniques. This is where the titanium vs zirconia implant maintenance discussion becomes highly relevant.

Titanium Implant Maintenance: Robust and Forgiving

Titanium implants are known for their durability and ability to withstand a range of cleaning instruments.

• Cleaning Tools:
  • Brushes: Soft-bristled toothbrushes (manual or electric) are perfectly suitable.
  • Interdental Brushes: Metal-core interdental brushes can be used carefully, but plastic-coated wires are generally preferred to avoid scratching the titanium surface, which can create areas for bacteria to adhere.
  • Water Flossers: Excellent for cleaning around titanium implants.
  • Professional Scalers: During professional cleanings, hygienists often use specialized titanium-safe instruments (e.g., plastic, graphite, or certain ultrasonic tips with plastic sleeves) to remove calculus without scratching the implant surface. While titanium is strong, micro-scratches can increase the risk of plaque accumulation.
• Plaque Adhesion: Titanium surfaces, especially those with roughened textures designed to promote osseointegration, can sometimes be more prone to plaque adhesion than very smooth surfaces. This makes thorough mechanical cleaning crucial.
• Monitoring: Regular X-rays are especially important to monitor the bone levels around titanium implants, as peri-implantitis can silently progress, leading to bone loss.

Zirconia Implant Maintenance: Smooth and Gentle

Zirconia implants, being ceramic, require a more delicate touch due to their surface properties and potential for brittleness if mishandled.

• Cleaning Tools:
  • Brushes: Soft-bristled toothbrushes (manual or electric) are ideal.
  • Interdental Brushes: Crucially, only plastic or nylon-coated interdental brushes should be used to avoid scratching the zirconia surface. Metal wires can abrade the ceramic.
  • Water Flossers: Highly recommended for zirconia implants due to their non-contact cleaning action, which is gentle yet effective.
  • Professional Scalers: Dental hygienists must use plastic or carbon fiber instruments for cleaning zirconia implants to prevent scratching. Metal scalers will abrade the ceramic surface, creating rough spots that attract plaque and can compromise the implant’s integrity.
• Plaque Adhesion: Zirconia’s naturally smooth, dense surface is often considered less prone to plaque accumulation compared to some titanium surfaces. However, consistency in cleaning is still vital, as biofilm can form on any surface in the mouth.
• Fracture Risk: While very strong, zirconia is more brittle than titanium. Care must be taken during professional cleaning to avoid excessive force. Patients also need to be mindful of chewing very hard objects, though modern zirconia is designed to withstand normal biting forces.

Table: Titanium vs Zirconia Implant Maintenance Comparison

Feature	Titanium Implant Maintenance	Zirconia Implant Maintenance
Material	Metal (typically grade 4 or 5 pure titanium or alloy)	Ceramic (yttria-stabilized zirconia)
Home Brushing	Soft-bristled manual or electric toothbrush.	Soft-bristled manual or electric toothbrush.
Interdental Brushes	Plastic-coated wires preferred. Metal wires should be used with caution to avoid micro-scratches.	Only plastic or nylon-coated wires to prevent scratching the ceramic surface.
Water Flosser	Highly recommended for effective plaque removal around the implant.	Highly recommended, gentle yet effective for ceramic surfaces.
Professional Scalers	Specialized titanium-safe instruments (plastic, graphite, specific ultrasonic tips with plastic sleeves) to prevent scratching.	Strictly plastic or carbon fiber instruments to prevent scratching and potential damage to the ceramic. Metal scalers are contraindicated.
Plaque Adhesion	Can be prone to plaque adhesion, especially on roughened surfaces. Thorough mechanical cleaning is key.	Generally less prone to plaque adhesion due to smooth, dense surface, but consistent cleaning is still essential.
Aesthetic Concerns	Metallic grey can sometimes show through thin gum tissue.	Tooth-colored (white), no aesthetic concerns regarding metal show-through.
Fracture Risk	Very high strength, excellent resistance to fracture.	Strong, but more brittle than titanium; potential for fracture with excessive force or improper care.
Long-Term Track Record	Decades of proven clinical success and extensive research.	Growing body of evidence, shorter clinical track record compared to titanium.
Key Precaution	Avoid scratching the surface during cleaning to prevent plaque accumulation sites.	Use only non-abrasive tools for cleaning; avoid excessive force during chewing or professional cleaning to prevent fracture.

This comparison highlights why your dental professional’s understanding of titanium vs zirconia implant maintenance is so critical. They will ensure the correct tools and techniques are used during your professional cleanings.

Potential Complications and Their Prevention

Despite diligent care, complications can sometimes arise with dental implants. Understanding what they are and how to prevent them is an integral part of titanium vs zirconia implant maintenance.

Peri-Implant Diseases (Mucositis and Peri-Implantitis)

As mentioned, these are the most common biological complications. They are essentially gum disease and bone loss specifically around an implant.

• Peri-implant mucositis: Inflammation of the soft tissues around the implant, without bone loss. It’s reversible if caught and treated early. Symptoms include redness, swelling, and bleeding upon probing.
• Peri-implantitis: More severe, involving inflammation and progressive bone loss around the implant. This can lead to implant mobility and eventual failure if untreated.

Prevention for both:

• Impeccable Oral Hygiene: Daily brushing, flossing, and water flossing are your primary defense.
• Regular Professional Care: Crucial for early diagnosis and specialized cleaning to remove hardened plaque (calculus).
• Smoking Cessation: Smokers have a significantly higher risk of peri-implantitis [3].
• Systemic Health Management: Uncontrolled diabetes and certain autoimmune conditions can increase risk. Work with your doctor to manage these.

Mechanical Complications (Fractures, Loose Components)

Mechanical issues can occur with both titanium and zirconia implants, though the nature of the issue might differ.

• Fractures: While rare, implant components (the implant itself, abutment, or crown) can fracture. Zirconia implants, being ceramic, have a higher theoretical risk of implant body fracture compared to titanium, particularly under extreme forces or if the implant wasn’t designed for the load. Crowns for both types can fracture, especially if made from porcelain or ceramic.
• Loose Screws/Components: The abutment screw or the crown retaining screw can sometimes loosen over time, leading to a wobbly crown or abutment.

Prevention for mechanical complications:

• Careful Material Selection: Your dentist will choose the appropriate implant system and restorative materials based on your bite forces and specific needs.
• Nightguards: If you clench or grind your teeth (bruxism), a custom-fitted nightguard can protect your implants and natural teeth from excessive forces.
• Avoid Abusive Habits: Don’t chew on ice, pen caps, or other hard objects.
• Regular Check-ups: Your dentist will check for loose components during your routine visits and can tighten them before they cause further issues.

Aesthetic Complications

Mainly relevant to titanium implants, where the metallic color can sometimes be visible through thin gum tissue.

Prevention:

• Careful Planning: Your dentist will assess your gum tissue thickness during the treatment planning phase.
• Zirconia Option: For highly aesthetic areas or very thin gum tissue, zirconia implants or abutments can be a preferred choice to avoid this metallic show-through.

Understanding these potential issues and adopting a proactive approach to titanium vs zirconia implant maintenance can significantly reduce your risk of complications and ensure your implants last a lifetime. For more insights into the complete process and what to expect during recovery, you might want to read our article on the complete dental implant recovery timeline.

The Role of Your Dental Professional in 2026

In 2026, the landscape of dental implantology continues to evolve, with advancements in diagnostics, materials, and maintenance protocols. The expertise of your dental professional is more critical than ever, not just during the placement phase but throughout the entire lifespan of your implants. Their role in titanium vs zirconia implant maintenance is multi-faceted and indispensable.

Expertise in Material Selection and Placement

Before a single implant is placed, your dentist and oral surgeon will conduct thorough diagnostics, including 3D imaging (CT scans), to assess bone quality, quantity, and anatomical structures. This data, combined with your medical history and aesthetic goals, informs the crucial decision between titanium and zirconia. They will consider factors such as:

• Bone Density: Some studies suggest slight differences in initial osseointegration rates, though both are highly successful [4].
• Bite Forces: Higher bite forces might lean towards the inherent strength of titanium.
• Aesthetic Demands: Front teeth in patients with thin gums might favor zirconia.
• Allergies/Sensitivities: Patients with suspected metal allergies will be guided towards zirconia.
• Overall Health: Systemic health conditions can influence healing and long-term success.

Their knowledge of the latest implant technologies and techniques ensures that the chosen material and placement strategy are optimally suited for your long-term success. For those interested in advanced diagnostic methods, our piece on CT scan and dental implants provides valuable information.

Specialized Cleaning Techniques and Tools

As highlighted in the titanium vs zirconia implant maintenance comparison, the tools used for professional cleaning differ significantly between the two materials. Your dental hygienist must be specifically trained in implant maintenance.

• Titanium Implants: Hygienists use plastic, graphite, or specialized titanium-safe ultrasonic tips (often with plastic sheaths) to remove calculus without scratching the implant surface.
• Zirconia Implants: For ceramic implants, only non-metallic instruments like plastic or carbon fiber scalers are acceptable to prevent surface damage.
• Air-Polishing: Low-abrasive air-polishing systems with powders like glycine can be safely used around both titanium and zirconia implants to remove biofilm and stains gently.

Incorrect instrumentation can compromise the implant surface, creating micro-grooves where bacteria can easily accumulate, increasing the risk of peri-implantitis. Don’t hesitate to ask your hygienist about the specific tools they use for your implant cleanings.

Ongoing Monitoring and Early Intervention

Regular check-ups are not just about cleaning; they are about surveillance. Your dental team will:

• Visual Inspection: Look for signs of inflammation, redness, or swelling around the implants.
• Probing: Gently measure the depth of the gum pockets around the implants to detect changes.
• Mobility Check: Assess if the implant or crown has any unnatural movement.
• Radiographic Evaluation: Periodically take X-rays to monitor the bone level around the implant and detect any signs of bone loss.
• Occlusal Assessment: Check your bite to ensure there are no excessive forces on the implants.

Early detection of issues like peri-implant mucositis allows for prompt, less invasive treatment, preventing progression to peri-implantitis. If peri-implantitis is diagnosed, your dental professional can discuss various treatment options, which may include non-surgical or surgical interventions to clean the implant surface and regenerate lost bone.

Patient Education and Support

Your dental team is your primary resource for understanding and implementing effective titanium vs zirconia implant maintenance. They will:

• Demonstrate Techniques: Show you the correct way to brush, floss, and use adjuncts like a water flosser.
• Recommend Products: Advise on the best toothbrushes, interdental brushes, and mouthwashes for your specific implant type.
• Answer Questions: Address any concerns you have about your implants.
• Provide Ongoing Guidance: Adapt your maintenance plan as needed based on your oral health status.

In essence, successful long-term implant care is a partnership between you and your dental professional. Their expertise, combined with your commitment to home care, forms the most robust defense against complications. For insights into the critical role of the abutment in your implant structure, learn more about the complete guide to the dental implant abutment procedure.

Longevity and Success Rates in 2026

As we navigate 2026, the success rates for both titanium and zirconia dental implants remain impressively high, thanks to advancements in surgical techniques, implant design, and patient care protocols. While both offer excellent long-term prognoses, understanding the factors influencing their longevity is key to titanium vs zirconia implant maintenance.

Factors Influencing Longevity

Several factors contribute to how long your dental implants will last, regardless of whether they are titanium or zirconia:

1. Oral Hygiene: As repeatedly emphasized, meticulous daily oral hygiene is the most significant determinant of implant longevity. Poor hygiene leads to peri-implant diseases, which are the leading cause of implant failure.
2. Regular Dental Check-ups: Consistent professional cleanings and examinations allow for early detection and intervention of potential issues, prolonging implant life.
3. Smoking Status: Smoking drastically reduces implant success rates and accelerates bone loss around implants [3].
4. Overall Health: Systemic diseases like uncontrolled diabetes or certain immune deficiencies can impair healing and increase the risk of complications.
5. Bone Quality and Quantity: Adequate healthy bone is crucial for successful osseointegration. Bone grafting procedures can address deficiencies, but initial bone health plays a role. If you’re concerned about bone loss, our article on 90 percent bone loss in teeth offers critical information.
6. Surgical Skill and Implant Placement: The expertise of the surgeon in placing the implant in the optimal position and ensuring primary stability is fundamental to success.
7. Prosthetic Design: The design of the crown, bridge, or denture connected to the implant, including how it fits and how forces are distributed, affects the implant’s long-term health.
8. Bruxism/Clenching: Uncontrolled teeth grinding can lead to mechanical complications and stress on the implant. A nightguard is vital if you suffer from bruxism.

Success Rates in 2026

• Titanium Implants: With decades of clinical data, titanium implants boast long-term success rates typically ranging from 95% to 98% over 10 years, and often much longer when proper maintenance is observed [5]. Many titanium implants last a lifetime.
• Zirconia Implants: While having a shorter clinical history, modern zirconia implants demonstrate promising success rates, often reported in the range of 92% to 97% over 5-10 years [6]. The research and development in zirconia continue to advance, and these numbers are expected to strengthen with longer follow-up periods.

It’s important to remember that these are general statistics. Individual success rates depend heavily on adherence to the principles of titanium vs zirconia implant maintenance and management of individual risk factors. Both materials, when properly placed and cared for, offer an outstanding solution for tooth replacement that can truly transform your quality of life. For those residing in the Dallas area, considering the affordable dental implants Dallas TX options can be a great starting point for discussing your choices with a local expert

Conclusion

Navigating the world of dental implants requires a clear understanding of your chosen material and its specific maintenance needs. Whether you have opted for the time-tested strength of titanium or the aesthetic appeal of zirconia, diligent titanium vs zirconia implant maintenance is the bedrock of long-term success. From meticulous home care to consistent professional oversight, every step plays a crucial role in safeguarding your investment and preserving your oral health into 2026 and beyond.

Remember, dental implants are a remarkable feat of modern dentistry, offering a functional and beautiful replacement for missing teeth. However, they are not a “set it and forget it” solution. They demand the same, if not more, attention than your natural teeth to thrive. By understanding the nuances of cleaning tools, recognizing potential complications, and partnering closely with your informed dental professional, you empower yourself to extend the life of your implants and enjoy a healthy, confident smile for many years to come.

Your journey to a restored smile doesn’t end after the implant is placed; it truly begins with a commitment to its ongoing care. Make smart choices about your daily routine, prioritize your regular dental check-ups, and don’t hesitate to seek advice from your dental team. For those ready to explore their options or learn more, visiting a reputable clinic like dentalimplantsdallastx.com is an excellent next step.

Actionable Next Steps:

• Review Your Home Care Routine: Confirm you are using the correct brushing, flossing, and interdental cleaning tools for your specific implant material (titanium or zirconia).
• Schedule Your Next Professional Cleaning: Ensure you’re on track with your regular dental check-ups and cleanings with an implant-savvy hygienist.
• Discuss Concerns with Your Dentist: If you have any questions about your implant maintenance, or if you notice any changes around your implants (redness, swelling, discomfort), contact your dental professional immediately.
• Consider Lifestyle Adjustments: If you smoke or grind your teeth, discuss strategies with your dentist to mitigate risks to your implants.

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References

[1] Al-Qasem, H., Barrak, H., Kelleway, R., & Al-Qasem, R. (2020). Zirconia versus titanium dental implants: a narrative review. Clinical and Experimental Dental Research, 6(3), 297–304.

[2] Roehling, S., Schlegel, K. A., Woelber, J. P., Liebermann, A., & Ghanaati, S. (2018). Zirconia dental implants and their soft tissue integration: a systematic review. International Journal of Oral Science, 10(1), 1.

[3] Daubert, D. M., & Zitzmann, N. U. (2020). The Causation of Peri-Implantitis. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 31(Suppl 21), 22–32.

[4] Ghasemi, S., Gharehchahi, M., & Farzin, A. (2020). Comparison of Zirconia and Titanium Dental Implants: A Systematic Review. Journal of Dentistry (Tehran, Iran), 17(2), 73–84.

[5] Pjetursson, B. E., Thoma, D., Jung, R., & Zwahlen, M. (2018). A systematic review of the 10-year survival and complication rates of fixed tooth-supported prostheses. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 29(Suppl 18), 2–18.

[6] Sailer, I., Philipp, A., Zembic, A., Cabalzar, R., & Pjetursson, B. E. (2020). A systematic review of the 5- to 10-year survival and complication rates of zirconia-based single crowns, fixed partial dentures, and full-arch fixed dental prostheses. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 31(Suppl 21), 60–73.

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